July saw a sharp increase in volatility, marked by significant events: an assassination attempt on Donald Trump, President Joe Biden ending his reelection campaign, and Vice President Kamala Harris becoming the de facto Democratic nominee.  Additionally, a software bug in CrowdStrike’s cybersecurity patch crippled Windows-based operating systems worldwide, leading to widespread disruptions, including flight and surgery cancellations.

Geopolitical tensions also escalated.  The price of oil rose by approximately 5 percent on July 31, 2024, following reports that Iran’s Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, had ordered retaliatory strikes against Israel in response to the missile assassination of Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh.

During the month, the S&P 500 index experienced a sharp decline of 2.3 percent in one day, its worst since December 2022, but later recovered with a rally on July 31, closing the month up by 1.1 percent. Meanwhile, the yield on the 10-year U.S. Treasury fell below 4.0 percent on August 1, down from 4.26 percent at the end of June.

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In June, the S&P 500 index reached another new high, driven by strong corporate earnings, a decline in the yield on the 10-year U.S. Treasury Note, and continued moderation in inflation. This has led the Federal Reserve to maintain its forecast for a rate cut later this year.

The S&P 500 index rose by 3.4 percent in June, while the yield on the 10-year U.S. Treasury Note dropped to 4.36 percent from 4.51 percent at the end of May. Additionally, the price of a barrel of West Texas Intermediate Oil increased to approximately $81.54 from $80.12 the previous month, following OPEC+’s decision to extend production cuts until the end of 2025.

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Driven by solid corporate earnings, a Federal Reserve slowing its bond sales, and a decrease in interest rates, the S&P 500 index reached a new high of 5321 in May before closing at approximately 5277, marking a 4.8 percent increase for the month. However, volatility in the stock and bond markets has increased significantly. The S&P 500’s rally in May followed a 4.1 percent decline in April. Additionally, the Dow Jones Industrial Average dropped about 2000 points, or 5 percent, in eight days before rebounding with a 1.8 percent gain on the month’s last trading day.

Oil prices also fluctuated, with West Texas Intermediate crude falling from nearly $82 a barrel in late April to around $77.23 by the end of May. In the U.S. Treasury market, the yield on the 10-year Note closed at 4.20 percent in March, 4.69 percent in April, and 4.51 percent in May.

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The S&P 500 index experienced a 4.1 percent decline in April, following a ten percent rally in the first quarter of 2024, as the economic landscape became increasingly uncertain.  Slowing economic growth, rising interest rates, and escalating tensions in the Middle East, sparked by Israel’s military action against Iran, contributed to the decline.  Furthermore, the Federal Reserve’s forecast of three interest rate cuts as recently as late March have been pushed back.

The yield on the 10-year U.S. Treasury Note surged to 4.69 percent by the end of April, up from 4.20 percent at the end of March and 3.88 percent at the start of the year. This 81 basis point (0.81%) increase in just four months raises concerns about the Fed’s monetary policy, particularly given the rapid growth of U.S. government debt.

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In the first quarter of 2024, the financial markets witnessed a mixed landscape: stocks and commodities achieved milestones, while long-term U.S. Treasury bonds dipped as interest rates ticked higher. Notably, the Dow Jones Industrial Average, S&P 500, and NASDAQ Composite all recorded record highs by late March.  Concurrently, the yield on 10-year U.S. Treasury bonds escalated from 3.88 percent at year-end to 4.32 percent on the first of April.

The commodities market also displayed impressive trends.  Gold’s value reached a historic peak, trading above $2250 per ounce.  Similarly, West Texas Intermediate crude oil prices climbed to over $83 per barrel, up from around $71 at year-end.  Furthermore, cocoa futures witnessed a significant surge, soaring beyond $10,000 a ton, marking an increase of over 130 percent this year, indicating a forthcoming rise in chocolate prices.

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For the first time, the S&P 500 index rallied above the 5000 mark, closing February at roughly 5096, up 5.1 percent.  Meanwhile, the yield on the 10-year U.S. Treasury Note ticked up to 4.25 percent from 3.99 percent at the end of January and 3.88 percent at year-end.  Additionally, the price of West Texas Intermediate oil rose about 3 percent in the month to roughly $78.50 a barrel.

Inflation as measured by Core Personal Consumption Expenditures (Core PCE) – the Fed’s preferred inflation gauge – rose 0.4 percent month-over-month.  On a 3-month and 6-month annualized basis, Core PCE increased 2.6 percent and 2.5 percent, respectively.  On a year-over-year basis, Core PCE has fallen from a peak of 4.5 percent in late 2021 to 2.8 percent currently, the lowest rate since April 2021.

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January saw the S&P 500 index rally 1.5 percent, continuing the momentum of the markets since late October, and reach a new all-time high above 4900 as U.S. lawmakers agreed on another “temporary” spending bill.  As Congress continues to kick the proverbial fiscal can down the road, U.S. federal debt has increased more than $1 trillion over the past three months to over $34 trillion. 

Nevertheless, the interest rate on the 10-year U.S. Treasury Note fell from 4.20 percent at year-end to 3.99 percent on January 31, 2024, while oil prices rose roughly 10 percent as tensions in the Middle East escalated.

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In December, U.S. stock and bond markets experienced a significant rally, rounding off a robust year. This surge came after Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell hinted at an end to interest rate hikes, a move that caught the markets off guard.  This was particularly surprising given Powell’s earlier comments on December 1, 2023, where he deemed it “premature” to discuss interest rate cuts.  Yet, in a notable shift, just 12 days later, he acknowledged that interest rate cuts were “a discussion for us at our meeting today.”

The banking sector witnessed significant upheavals, with the collapse of Silicon Valley Bank in March and the failure of First Republic in May — the latter marking the second-largest bank failure in U.S. history.  Paradoxically, these events spurred positive market reactions as the Federal Reserve infused liquidity via the Bank Term Funding Program (BTFP).  By the end of the year, the BTFP’s value escalated to over $135 billion, a significant jump from under $65 billion at the end of March.

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After three consecutive monthly declines into late October due primarily to rising interest rates, a strong counter-trend rally emerged in both the bond and stock markets during November.  This rally, propelled by a drop in the yield on the 10-year U.S. Treasury Note from over 5.00 percent in late October to 4.37 percent by month-end, resulted in an impressive 8.9 percent surge in the S&P 500 index.

By July 31, 2023, the yield on the 10-year Treasury had dipped below 4.00 percent.  However, in a remarkably short span, it soared above 5.00 percent for the first time since 2007.  This sharp increase in interest rates exerted downward pressure on equity prices.

October data revealed hedge funds heavily shorting U.S. Treasury securities and equity futures, reaching record levels, thereby betting on future price declines.  Yet, with the release of October employment data indicating a mere 150,000 increase in payrolls – the smallest gain since January 2021 – and revisions of 101,000 jobs downward for the previous two months, bond interest rates declined as hedge funds rushed to cover their negative bets.

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